PHAK · Chapter 12: Weather Theory
FAA · Retrieved 2026-09-05
Educational reference; original Owl summariesWEATHER & ATMOSPHERE
Mountain waves & rotors
FLIGHT SCIENCE / CONCEPT REFERENCE
SCIENCEConditions & principles
Oscillating airflow downstream of terrain in a suitably stable atmosphere.
REFERENCE COVERAGE3 / 3 editorial sections
PROVENANCE1 linked source
LAST RETRIEVED2026-09-05
Editorial section coverage describes the article structure, not scientific validation or completeness.
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01
Mechanism
Air displaced upward by terrain can oscillate about its equilibrium level. Strong cross-ridge flow and stability can sustain waves; low-level rotors may form beneath them.
02
Aircraft response
Alternating rising and sinking air changes vertical performance. Rotor regions may contain severe turbulence even where the broader wave is smooth.
03
Context & interpretation
Lenticular clouds can reveal waves when moisture permits, but waves also occur without visible cloud. Terrain-relative wind and stability are central factors.
Sources & context
Educational explanation of physical mechanisms. Aircraft-specific procedures, limitations and current weather information are separate references.